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As an antiquarian bookseller, I am frequently asked to define “antiquarian” or “rare” books. To some extent these two relatively vague but omnipresent terms are used interchangeably in the trade. Nevertheless, they have subtly different connotations. Antiquarian, like antique, suggests something both old and collectible; that is, a book one would want to preserve both for its age alone and also for its intrinsic interest as an object. The term “antiquarian” encompasses the ordinary second-hand book. By contrast, the term “rare” connotes something definitely valuable. How do we define the special category of antiquarian books called rare books?

To be valuable in the market place and thus command a premium price, a book must satisfy at least one, and usually more, of six criteria. First is scarcity of copies. Books printed in editions of 25,000 copies or more usually do not become rare. On the other hand we can all think of family memoirs privately printed in editions of perhaps a dozen or fewer copies for distribution to family members. Most of these extremely scarce books have no interest whatsoever to anyone outside of the families concerned, and are frequently close to worthless unless they concern a figure of historic importance.

Scarcity by itself is thus not usually enough to make a book rare, but should such privately printed memoirs directly concern the childhood of a president of the United States, for example, the memoirs would also fulfill the second of the five criteria, namely what I call substantive importance, or the significance of the book’s contents. The book may be a first edition of a classic in English literature, the first account of a historic exploration of part of America, the first account of a major voyage of discovery, or the first publication of a great scientific or medical discovery. First editions are usually the most prized, but significant other editions are also sought, especially those with important revisions by the author, or first English translations of works originally published in other languages.

Without having any substantive importance, a book maybe highly valued by collectors because of its characteristics as a physical object. It may be printed on an exotic paper or perhaps on vellum. Its binding may be a work of art, or its illustrations may be the work of a great artist. Perhaps the book came from the press of a great printer, or was one of the first produced by a new printing process, such as lithography, Linotype or computerized typesetting. The book may be printed in a bizarre typeface or in a peculiar format—miniature books are a popular example of the latter, and occasionally we have seen triangular books or even round books in spherical bindings which open like the halves of a grapefruit.
Andreas Vesalius’s Icones anatomicae (1933)This copy of Andreas Vesalius’s Icones anatomicae (1933), a 20th-century reprint of the works of the great 16th century anatomist, is enhanced by its art binding by the Canadian binder Michael Wilcox (criterion no. 3). From the Haskell F. Norman Library.

The factor of “imprint” constitutes the fourth criterion. (I call it “imprint” after the bibliographic term meaning place and date of publication.) We all know that the first books printed in 15th century Europe are rare, and many later books are rare because they were printed in a special place or at a special time—for instance, books printed in the Confederate States during the American Civil War, the first book printed in Antarctica, or the first book printed on a submarine.

Even if a book is unable to meet any of the first four criteria, it still might command a very high price because of the criterion of association. Give me the most common Gideon Bible, of which vast numbers are printed every year, with the authentic signature of T. S. Eliot and his notes in the margins, and I will show you a very rare and valuable book, indeed. Likewise, a 25th printing of Eliot’s Collected Poems, ostensibly worth about $5, could easily be worth more than 100 times that amount if it bore a presentation inscription in Eliot’s hand and an unpublished manuscript poem by Eliot penned on a flyleaf. We always describe significant associations in our catalogue descriptions and you will usually find several important association copies in our rare book catalogues.

Our sixth and last criterion is condition. Many common first editions of 20th century novels clutter up the shelves of Salvation Army bookstores, waiting to be pulped, while a mint copy of such a book in a perfect dust jacket might fetch a spectacularly high price. The point is that many common books are extremely difficult to find in condition fine enough to satisfy the discriminating collector. With truly scarce books which hardly ever appear for sale, one obviously cannot be so discriminating about condition, and our evaluation of condition is made relative to the particular book involved. Even the finest copy of a seventeenth century medical book might have a repaired spine, but few would want such a copy of a book by the 20th century neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing, unless the binding was particularly handsome, or made for presentation, etc. As long as we bear in mind that condition is relative, it must play a prominent role in evaluating the rarity of any book.

These remarks hopefully will suffice as a brief outline of the six criteria by which I believe any rare book may be judged: scarcity, substantive importance, physical characteristics, imprint, association, and condition. All rare books must fulfill at least one of the criteria. Some may fulfill several, or in the exceptional situation, even all six. The six criteria apply as much to the rare medical books in our catalogues as to books on any other subject. One should bear in mind, however, that substantive importance is open to reevaluation over the years. Particularly in literature and art, tastes in collecting are subject to fads and fashions—what is highly prized today may be passé twenty years from now. Luckily, in the sciences fads and fashions are much more subdued. Because concrete discoveries are involved we can be more objective in identifying the permanent classics in each scientific field. The six criteria of rarity I have outlined here will not help us evaluate the historical significance or substantive importance of the rare medical books described in our catalogues, but once these two criteria have been satisfied, consideration of the other criteria may help us evaluate the desirability of particular books being offered.

I would be happy to receive your comments and suggestions on my choice of criteria in the definition of rarity.

Revised and condensed from a speech made at the Rowfant Club of Cleveland on November 10, 1982. Another version of this paper appeared in Nutrition History Notes, no. 15, 1982, published by Vanderbilt Medical Center Library in Nashville.

The completereview.com has posted an excellent synopsis of reviews of the book "Hitler's Private Library". There are many kinds of book collectors - famous, infamous and annonymous. Much as many of us may hate to claim him among the group of book collectors, he did indeed collect books. His purpose and what use he put to the volumes he collected are debatable, Some feel he sought out books that went along with his preconceived ideas - as some book collectors may do. The following reviewers had the this to say:

From the Reviews:

"The author neatly weaves together Hitler’s political career with his book-collecting habits, tracing the well-thumbed volumes that Hitler consulted during the writing of Mein Kampf. Mr Ryback’s knowledge of German literature and the politics of the Nazi era makes him well placed to follow clues and draw inferences, both from the time and place of acquisition and from the marginalia that can be found in the books." - The Economist

"This is no substitute to such monuments as, say, Ian Kershaw’s two-tome biography. But it serves as a companion to more traditional studies -- and deepens our understanding of Hitler’s personality." - Bertrand Benoit, Financial Times

"Thanks to his imaginative research -- and his willingness to investigate a very creepy subject -- we come closer to one of the most elusive men ever to shape world history. (...) His effort is worthwhile: one finishes this short, packed book with a firmer take on the sort of intellectual -- or pseudo-intellectual -- who persuaded the best-educated nation in Europe to make war on civilization and try to exterminate the Jews. But deep insights remain elusive." - Anthony Grafton, The New Republic

"What distinguishes the slim, elegantly written, meticulously researched, fascinating volume by Timothy Ryback, Hitler's Private Library, is his careful analysis of a small, selected number of works that he associates with formative episodes in Hitler's life. By evaluating the passages that Hitler has underlined, or added marginalia to, Mr. Ryback seeks to extract and elucidate what about the books was important to the man, and moreover what "occupied Hitler in his more private hours, often at pivotal moments in his career." " - Ian Kershaw, The New York Sun

"Still, Ryback has provided a tantalizing glimpse into Hitler’s creepy little self-­improvement program. While being a bookworm may not be a precondition for becoming a mass murderer, it’s certainly no impediment." - Jacob Heilbrun, The New York Times Book Review

"Ryback relies heavily on Walter Benjamin’s idea of the private library as a map of its owner’s character, but Hitler’s reading yields few new insights, and some of what Ryback dredges up is merely peculiar" - The New Yorker

"Timothy Ryback has tried to glean some insight into the emotional life, hatreds and enthusiasms of the Nazi leader. There are few surprises. Rather than yield with humility to writers and their books, Hitler used them merely to bolster his preconceptions. (...) Hitler's Private Library, the fruit of eight years' research, provides a warning against the dangers of blind adherence to ideology and the damage that a deal of selective reading can do." - Ian Thomson, Sunday Times

"Ryback has made an original and interesting contribution to the study of this monster, not least by showing that, in some respects, he was just like many of the rest of us." - Simon Heffer, The Telegraph

"While Hitler's Private Library is crisply written and covers the dictator's reading life from World War I to his suicide in 1945, Ryback could have dug a little deeper. (...) While thoroughly engrossing, like virtually all books about the Nazi dictator, Hitler's Private Library does sometimes leave a reader slightly annoyed or puzzled. Details are occasionally wrong or at least fuzzy and in need of clarification. (...) These gripes aside, Hitler's Private Library is still fascinating -- and unnerving." - Michael Dirda,
The Washington Post

"Ryback knows the history of this period exceptionally well, and has a good eye for spotting and highlighting revealing vignettes; the links he establishes between the books and the life invariably make for absorbing reading. (...) Ryback deserves praise for his investigative labors and, especially in our increasingly virtual and digitalized age, for recognizing what the physical nature of books may reveal about their owners. He also deserves a reader’s gratitude for being a graceful and interesting writer. Nevertheless, Ryback’s approach is seriously flawed." - Michael McDonald,
Weekly Standard

"Eine faszinierende Studie, die interessante, aber nicht überraschend neue Einblicke in die Persönlichkeit Hitlers bietet." - Marion Lühe, Die Welt

"Rybacks Buch fügt dem Hitler-Bild keine grundlegend neuen Erkenntnisse, wohl aber unbekannte Facetten hinzu." - Volker Ullrich, Die Zeit

The previous reviews are followed up by: The complete review's Review: This review is insightful and extremely well written - well worth visiting the site for a read...